This paper utilizes Marxist population theory to examine the issue of China’s population at present and its tendency in the next few decades,putting forward a "new proposal" of "control-led-reduction" and explicates the strategy of scientific development based on the one-child oriented population policy which better coordinates between population,natural resources and ecological environment.This paper argues against various popular opinions in such issues as fertility human right,population density,aging,gender imbalance,second child of high-quality,and single-child personality.